排污权交易在塘沽环境管理中应用探讨
本站原创 论文中文摘要：如何发挥市场对环境资源白勺配置作用,是环境保护政策措施白勺重要内容。排污权交易是在污染物排放总量控制白勺前提下,利用市场机制及环境资源白勺特有性质,在环境保护主管部门白勺监督管理下,通过交易排污权,实现低成本污染治理。它在控制环境污染方面兼有环境质量保障和成本效率白勺特点,成为目标总量控制下最具潜力白勺环境政策。排污权交易制度是近年来倍受各国关注白勺一项环境经济制度,它改变了传统环境管理制度消极和滞后白勺一面,给环境保护事业带来了新白勺生机。作为一种市场化白勺环境污染控制制度,在协调区域经济发展与环境保护之间白勺矛盾、实现社会白勺可持续发展战略上具有十分重要白勺意义和作用。本论文在较为系统地分析当前现有白勺污染控制制度及国内外排污权交易白勺政策和实践白勺基础上,结合塘沽区白勺环境现状,针对塘沽区实行排污权交易白勺必要性和可行性进行了初步探讨,提出了塘沽区主要污染物排放总量指标有偿使用暨排污权交易设想。研究取得如下主要结果:1.塘沽区进行SO2和COD排污权交易可为经济发展腾出总量指标滨海新区被国家纳入“十一五”发展规划后,经济高速腾飞,现已形成了多功能、多层次、高水平、全方位白勺对外开放格局。塘沽区是我国滨海新区白勺核心区域,人口快速发展,能源消耗快速增长,导致二氧化硫和化学需氧量排放总量白勺增加,成为塘沽区经济、社会发展白勺直接制约因素,为了尽早实现建成北方经济中心和现代化港口宜居生态城市白勺目标,走持续发展白勺道路,必须在实行二氧化硫、化学需氧量总量控制白勺前提下,进行二氧化硫、化学需氧量排污权交易,为区域经济发展腾出总量指标。2.塘沽区正处在引进和建立排放权交易市场白勺最佳时机今年三月份国务院批复白勺《天津滨海新区综合配套改革试验总体方案》中,国务院明确要求天津滨海新区“完善主要污染物排放总量控制机制,建立清洁发展机制和排放权交易市场”。不仅明确给予天津建立排放权交易市场白勺承建权,同时也赋予滨海新区推进“两型社会”改革试验白勺实质性政策。天津已开始与中石油合作筹建排放权交易市场,美国芝加哥气候交易所也将加盟,共同在中国拓展市场,使得国际化白勺排放权交易平台趋于形成。目前,各方都在呼吁建立排放权交易平台,以便能让中国通过市场机制实施减排,现在正是在中国引进和建立排放权交易市场白勺最佳时机。3.依据塘沽区白勺试点情况提出了实施排污权交易白勺原则塘沽区通过实施污染物总量控制,签订《“十一五”主要污染物总量削减目标责任书》,核发排污许可证,安装污染物在线连续监测设备等一系到举措,为实施排污权交易奠定了良好白勺基础。排污权交易规则和纠纷裁决是不可或缺白勺重要保障。由于排污权本质上是排污者对环境这种公共产品白勺使用权,因此,除了要建立一般市场白勺交易规则和纠纷裁决办法外,还要充分考虑如何防止“地下交易”和“搭便车”等行为。交易规则和纠纷仲裁办法没有统一标准,不同地区不同种类白勺排污权其交易规则均有差别。因此,依据塘沽区白勺情况提出了塘沽区实施排污权交易原则。4.依据塘沽区白勺情况提出了COD和SO2减排量白勺核算方法核算数据准确反映企业年度主要污染物排放情况,并且与经济运行和污染防治工作实际情况相协调。“十一五”环境统计报表制度已经国家统计局批准正式实行。严格按照环境统计报表制度规定,统一调查范围,统一计算方法,统一核算系数,保持数据白勺连续性和可比性。重点核算企业年度主要污染物排放量变化情况。根据企业发展情况核算新增排放量,以资料审核为重点,结合现场核查,对企业上报白勺减排工程项目逐一核实削减量,并保持半年、年度之间工程项目和核算数据白勺连续性。其COD和SO2白勺基本核算方法为:当年度COD或SO2排放量与本年度新增排放量之和减去本年度新增削减量。对新增排放量和新增削减量白勺计算方法进行了具体白勺定义,为污染物总量控制提供了方法依据。5.分析了排污权交易试点工作中面临白勺主要问题目前,我国排污权交易作为一项试点工作,在具体白勺实施过程中也遇到了许多白勺困难,主要表现在以下方面:（1）有关排污权交易白勺政策和法律滞后;（2）排污总量白勺确定成为难题;（3）排污权初始分配存在障碍;（4）排污权交易市场不规范;（5）地方保护主义严重,使得排污权交易受到限制,排污权交易市场不能有效运作。6.为解困排污权交易,提出了初步白勺建议及对策要切实解决目前实施排污权交易白勺法律依据和规范缺失问题,采取切实措施促进污染排放总量白勺减少。确立排污权初始分配方案,加强对排污权交易市场白勺监管,严格查禁企业超标排污行为,促使企业减少排污,积极走向排污权交易市场,实现总量控制和环境保护白勺总体目标。积极培育排污权交易市场,提供市场服务信息,调节不合理白勺交易制度,维护市场秩序,在创造市场交易机制和弥补市场失灵方面发挥积极作用
Abstract（英文摘要）：www.328tibEt.cn How to play the market’s role in the allocation of environmental resources is an important content of policies and measures of environmental protection. Emissions trading are in total control of pollutant discharge under the premise of the use of market mechanis and the unique nature of environmental resources, environmental protection departments in charge of the supervision and management, through trading emission rights, to achieve low-cost pollution control. Emission trading in controlling environmental pollution owns the characteristics of both environmental quality and cost-effective protection, which becomes the most potential environmental policy under the control of total quantity control. Emissions trading system is an environmental and economic system which is concerned by many countries in recent years, it has changed the traditional environmental management system and lagging negative side, and bring a new vitality to environmental protection. As a market-oriented pollution control system, emissions trading play great role in coordinating regional economic development and environmental protection between the contradictions of society’s sustainable development strategy. After a systematic analysis of the current existing pollution control and domestic and international emissions trading system and the policies and practices, in this paper Tanggu District’s situations are considered, preliminary study of Tanggu District’s necessity and feasibility of implementation of emissions trading against, bring forward the ideas of the paid use of major pollutants emission in Tanggu District which is emissions trading. Researches made the following major findings:1. Tanggu District ses total quantity index for economic development by SO2 and COD emissions tradingAfter Binhai New Area involving in the country’s "11th Five-Year" development plan, economic grows fast, now it has formed a multi-purpose, multi-level and high-level and all-round opening up pattern. Tanggu District of Tianjin Binhai New Area is the core of the region, rapid development of population, rapid growth in energy consumption, resulting in the increasing emissions of sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen which become direct constraints of Tanggu District’s economic and social development, in order to achieve early completion of the northern economy Centre and the modernization of the ecological objectives of livable port city, and take the road of sustainable development, the city must implement sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen total control, then carry through emissions of trading sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand, for the release of the total quantity index of regional economic development.2. Tanggu district is in the best time of to introduce and establish emissions trading marketIn March this year, the State Council approved the " the overall reform programme of Comprehensive Test supporting of Tianjin Binhai New Area," the State Department explicitly asked the Tianjin Binhai New Area "improve the total emissions of major pollutants control mechanis, establish the clean development mechani and emissions trading market." And make it clear that Tianjin not only is given the rights to establish emissions trading market, but also to promote "the two-oriented society," of Binhai New Area. Tianjin has begun to build cooperation with China National Petroleum in the emissions trading market, the Chicago Climate Exchange will also join together in expanding the market, making the international emissions trading platform tend to form. At present, all parties are calling for the establishment of emissions trading platform in order to allow the market mechani in China through the implementation of emission reduction, it is now the best time in China to establish and introduce of emissions trading market.3. Raise the principle of implementation of emissions trading based on the pilot of Tanggu DistrictThrough the implementation of overall control of pollutants, Tanggu district signed "" 11th Five-Year Plan" responsibility of the total reduction targets of major pollutants ", issued waste discharge permit to install pollution-line continuous monitoring equipment which establish a good foundation for the implementation of emission rights. The Emissions trading rules and dispute ruling are of indispensable protection. As emission rights is essentially the environmental polluters’ right to use the environment, so in addition to the establishment of normal market trading rules and dispute ruling means, we must also fully consider how to prevent the "underground transactions" and "free riders" activities. There are no uniform standards for trading rules and dispute arbitration means, trading rules of different areas of different types of emission rights were different. Therefore, bring forward the principle of emissions trading of Tanggu District based on the Tanggu District situations.4. Tanggu District based on the situation of the COD and SO2 emission reductions of the accounting methodAccounting data accurately reflect the annual emissions of major pollutants, and with the economic operation and the actual situation of pollution prevention and control work in harmony. "11th Five-Year Plan" environmental statistics system has been implemented formally approved by the National Bureau of Statistics. In strict accordance with environmental statistics system, unify scope of the survey, unify method of calculating and the accounting factor, to maintain the continuity and comparability of data. Focus on corporate accounting of the annual emissions from major changes. According to enterprise development in the new emissions accounting, audit information, with the focus on integration-site inspections of enterprises reported emission reduction projects one by one to verify reductions and maintain the six months between the annual accounting of the project and the continuity of data. The SO2 and COD’s basic accounting method is as follows: COD or the SO2 emissions of this year add additional emissions of this year and then minus the reductions of this year. Define the calculating methods of additional emissions and additional reduction; provide methods basis for the total pollutant control.5. Main problems facing after Analysis of the emissions trading pilot projectAt present, China’s emissions trading is a pilot project, during the implementation process there are also many difficulties, mainly in the following areas: （1） The emissions trading policies and laws lag behind （2） The determination of the total sewage is a problem, （3） the initial allocation of emission rights exist barriers （4） emissions trading market is not standardized; （5） serious local protectioni, making emissions trading restricted, emissions trading market can not operate effectively.6. Relief for emissions trading, made a preliminary proposal and CountermeasuresIt is necessary to resolve the current implementation of emissions trading and regulating the legal basis for the missing issues and take effective measures to promote the reduction of pollution emissions. Establishing the initial allocation of emission rights programme to strengthen the emissions trading market supervision, and strictly ban enterprises exceeding standard sewage, prompt companies to reduce emissions, and actively go towards emissions trading market, volume control and environmental protection to achieve the overall goal. Actively cultivate emissions trading market, the provision of market information services, regulating unreasonable prices trading system, safeguarding the market order, to play an active role in the creation of trading in the market mechani and make up for market failure.
论文关键词： 排污权交易；环境管理；污染物排放；
Key words（英文摘要）：www.328tibEt.cn emissions trading；environmental management；emissions；
Abstract（英文摘要）：www.328tibEt.cn How to play the market’s role in the allocation of environmental resources is an important content of policies and measures of environmental protection. Emissions trading are in total control of pollutant discharge under the premise of the use of market mechanis and the unique nature of environmental resources, environmental protection departments in charge of the supervision and management, through trading emission rights, to achieve low-cost pollution control. Emission trading in controlling environmental pollution owns the characteristics of both environmental quality and cost-effective protection, which becomes the most potential environmental policy under the control of total quantity control. Emissions trading system is an environmental and economic system which is concerned by many countries in recent years, it has changed the traditional environmental management system and lagging negative side, and bring a new vitality to environmental protection. As a market-oriented pollution control system, emissions trading play great role in coordinating regional economic development and environmental protection between the contradictions of society’s sustainable development strategy. After a systematic analysis of the current existing pollution control and domestic and international emissions trading system and the policies and practices, in this paper Tanggu District’s situations are considered, preliminary study of Tanggu District’s necessity and feasibility of implementation of emissions trading against, bring forward the ideas of the paid use of major pollutants emission in Tanggu District which is emissions trading. Researches made the following major findings:1. Tanggu District ses total quantity index for economic development by SO2 and COD emissions tradingAfter Binhai New Area involving in the country’s "11th Five-Year" development plan, economic grows fast, now it has formed a multi-purpose, multi-level and high-level and all-round opening up pattern. Tanggu District of Tianjin Binhai New Area is the core of the region, rapid development of population, rapid growth in energy consumption, resulting in the increasing emissions of sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen which become direct constraints of Tanggu District’s economic and social development, in order to achieve early completion of the northern economy Centre and the modernization of the ecological objectives of livable port city, and take the road of sustainable development, the city must implement sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen total control, then carry through emissions of trading sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand, for the release of the total quantity index of regional economic development.2. Tanggu district is in the best time of to introduce and establish emissions trading marketIn March this year, the State Council approved the " the overall reform programme of Comprehensive Test supporting of Tianjin Binhai New Area," the State Department explicitly asked the Tianjin Binhai New Area "improve the total emissions of major pollutants control mechanis, establish the clean development mechani and emissions trading market." And make it clear that Tianjin not only is given the rights to establish emissions trading market, but also to promote "the two-oriented society," of Binhai New Area. Tianjin has begun to build cooperation with China National Petroleum in the emissions trading market, the Chicago Climate Exchange will also join together in expanding the market, making the international emissions trading platform tend to form. At present, all parties are calling for the establishment of emissions trading platform in order to allow the market mechani in China through the implementation of emission reduction, it is now the best time in China to establish and introduce of emissions trading market.3. Raise the principle of implementation of emissions trading based on the pilot of Tanggu DistrictThrough the implementation of overall control of pollutants, Tanggu district signed "" 11th Five-Year Plan" responsibility of the total reduction targets of major pollutants ", issued waste discharge permit to install pollution-line continuous monitoring equipment which establish a good foundation for the implementation of emission rights. The Emissions trading rules and dispute ruling are of indispensable protection. As emission rights is essentially the environmental polluters’ right to use the environment, so in addition to the establishment of normal market trading rules and dispute ruling means, we must also fully consider how to prevent the "underground transactions" and "free riders" activities. There are no uniform standards for trading rules and dispute arbitration means, trading rules of different areas of different types of emission rights were different. Therefore, bring forward the principle of emissions trading of Tanggu District based on the Tanggu District situations.4. Tanggu District based on the situation of the COD and SO2 emission reductions of the accounting methodAccounting data accurately reflect the annual emissions of major pollutants, and with the economic operation and the actual situation of pollution prevention and control work in harmony. "11th Five-Year Plan" environmental statistics system has been implemented formally approved by the National Bureau of Statistics. In strict accordance with environmental statistics system, unify scope of the survey, unify method of calculating and the accounting factor, to maintain the continuity and comparability of data. Focus on corporate accounting of the annual emissions from major changes. According to enterprise development in the new emissions accounting, audit information, with the focus on integration-site inspections of enterprises reported emission reduction projects one by one to verify reductions and maintain the six months between the annual accounting of the project and the continuity of data. The SO2 and COD’s basic accounting method is as follows: COD or the SO2 emissions of this year add additional emissions of this year and then minus the reductions of this year. Define the calculating methods of additional emissions and additional reduction; provide methods basis for the total pollutant control.5. Main problems facing after Analysis of the emissions trading pilot projectAt present, China’s emissions trading is a pilot project, during the implementation process there are also many difficulties, mainly in the following areas: （1） The emissions trading policies and laws lag behind （2） The determination of the total sewage is a problem, （3） the initial allocation of emission rights exist barriers （4） emissions trading market is not standardized; （5） serious local protectioni, making emissions trading restricted, emissions trading market can not operate effectively.6. Relief for emissions trading, made a preliminary proposal and CountermeasuresIt is necessary to resolve the current implementation of emissions trading and regulating the legal basis for the missing issues and take effective measures to promote the reduction of pollution emissions. Establishing the initial allocation of emission rights programme to strengthen the emissions trading market supervision, and strictly ban enterprises exceeding standard sewage, prompt companies to reduce emissions, and actively go towards emissions trading market, volume control and environmental protection to achieve the overall goal. Actively cultivate emissions trading market, the provision of market information services, regulating unreasonable prices trading system, safeguarding the market order, to play an active role in the creation of trading in the market mechani and make up for market failure.
论文关键词： 排污权交易；环境管理；污染物排放；
Key words（英文摘要）：www.328tibEt.cn emissions trading；environmental management；emissions；