会计对会计政策选择思索

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在我国,社会主义市场经济体制的建立,会计政策选择企业的。会计政策选择贯穿于企业以会计确认到计量、、报告诸构成的整个会计,会计的其实会计政策选择的。对会计政策的定义会计政策选择的定义、动机、影响因素和的阐述,并对新会计准则的概述,进而思索新会计准则对会计政策选择的影响,会计政策选择论文范文的问题,浅析理由,并我国现阶段企业会计政策选择论文范文的操纵利润、粉饰报表的现象选择效果不、企业会计政策选择不正确、企业会计政策选择不等问题,完善会计制度、提高会计人员素质和道德、完善企业治理结构、建立的内制约度等相对的改善对策,我国企业会计政策选择将趋向于为众多利益方所组成的利益集团的,效果将越来越整体优化,监管和披露都将规范、加强。

词:会计政策;会计政策选择;新会计准则







Abstract
In our country, with the setting-up of the socialistmarket economy system, choice of accounting policy becomes necessity ofenterprises. Choice of accounting policy run through confirming from theaccountant to measuring, writing down, reporting the whole accounting coursethat all links form in enterprises, course of accounting is the course thatpolicy chooses actually. This text passes the intension of accounting policy ,andthe intention ,purposes ,related elements and related theories of the choice ofaccounting policy .and passes the abstract of the new accounting rules, it launchdeep thoughts about influences that new accounting rules he some on accountingpolicy , point out existed problems about enterprise accounting policy andanalyze related reasons, at the same time considering to phenomenon of enterpriseaccounting policy choice that " control the profits, gloss over reportform " that appear to the present stage such as our country, insignificantresult of enterprise accounting policy, unreasonable enterprise accounting policychoice goal , put forward related perfect issues such as improving relativeaccounting systems, strengthening accounting personnel quality and morals,perfect enterprise management structures, setting up effective controlling suchrelative improvement tactics as degree ,etc. Because goals of our countryenterprise accounting policy choice trend for meeting numerous interestsrelevant side need of interest group made up, result pay attention to globaloptimization and supervise and announce degree norm, strengthen more and more.

Keywords: accounting policy;the choice of accounting policy; new accounting rules





目录
TOC \o "1-3" \u 摘 要............................................................................................................................................ PAGEREF _Toc264026492 一、...................................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026493 二、会计政策选择的概述....................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026494 (一)会计政策的定义.............................................................................................................PAGEREF _Toc264026495 1.国外对会计政策定义......................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026496 2.我国对会计政策的定义...................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026497 (二)会计政策的作用.............................................................................................................PAGEREF _Toc264026498 (三)会计政策选择的定义......................................................................................................PAGEREF _Toc264026499 (四)会计政策选择的动机......................................................................................................PAGEREF _Toc264026500 1.规避市场管制.................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026501 2.履行债务契约或新的借贷的.......................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026502 3.纳税的考虑................................................................................................................ PAGEREF _Toc264026503 4.基于政治成本的考虑......................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026504 (五)影响会计政策选择的因素...............................................................................................PAGEREF _Toc264026505 1.负债因素........................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026506 2.报酬因素........................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026507 3.政府因素........................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026508 (六)会计政策选择的........................................................................................PAGEREF _Toc264026509 1.契约与会计政策选择.................................................................................................. PAGEREF _Toc264026510 2.经济后果论与会计政策选择............................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026511 3.利益者与会计政策选择........................................................................................ PAGEREF _Toc264026512 三、新会计准则对企业会计政策选择的影响................................................................................ PAGEREF _Toc264026513 (一)会计准则与会计政策选择的联系硕士论文...................................................................................PAGEREF _Toc264026514 1.会计准则对会计政策选择的影响...................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026515 2.会计政策选择对会计准则的影响...................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026516 (二)新会计准则的概述........................................................................................................PAGEREF _Toc264026517 (三)新会计准则下的企业会计政策选择浅析.........................................................................PAGEREF _Toc264026518 1.会计计量属性选择对企业会计政策选择的影响................................................................. PAGEREF _Toc264026519 2.长期股权投资的核算对企业会计政策选择的影响.............................................................. PAGEREF _Toc264026520 3.存货发出计价对企业会计政策选择的影响........................................................................ PAGEREF _Toc264026521 4.其他属于会计政策范畴的项目.......................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026522 四、我国会计政策选择中论文范文的问题及理由......................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026523 (一)我国会计政策选择中论文范文的问题............................................................................PAGEREF _Toc264026524 1.企业会计政策选择操纵利润、粉饰报表的手段............................................ PAGEREF _Toc264026525 2.企业会计政策选择不,真实企业的财务情况和经营成果.............................. PAGEREF _Toc264026526 3.企业政策选择不正确,真实出政策选择的本意............................................ PAGEREF _Toc264026527 4.企业会计政策选择效果不,达到企业整体优化..................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026528 (二)我国企业会计政策选择论文范文问题的理由.........................................................................PAGEREF _Toc264026529 1.我国会计制度、会计准则论文范文缺陷................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026530 2.公司治理机制不,监督、激励机制不................................................................. PAGEREF _Toc264026531 3.法制不,执法.................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026532 4.缺乏会计政策选择意识,会计人员素质低.......................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026533 五、会计政策选择的规范措施..................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026534 (一)完善或修改《公司法》、《证券法》等有关法规....................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026535 (二)完善企业治理结构,企业内部约束机制.............................................................. PAGEREF _Toc264026536 (三)进完善会计准则................................................................................................. PAGEREF _Toc264026537 (四)明晰和发挥产权制度对会计信息生成的规范、界定功能..................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026538 (五)强化注册会计师的审计监督,企业外部约束机制................................................ PAGEREF _Toc264026539 (六)加强会计队伍建设,提高会计人员素质..................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026540 文献..................................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026541 致 谢.......................................................................................................................................... PAGEREF _Toc264026542


对会计政策选择的思索
一、
2006年2月15日,财政部颁布了由1项基本会计准则和38项具感受计准则组成的新企业会计准则,现行的企业会计基本准则是我国1992年11月次颁布的企业会计准则,它是在我国经济革新论文网开放后,我国经济体制由计划经济向市场经济转变,财政部会计实务管理司当时的国情,借鉴国际惯例出台的个会计准则,它的颁布是我国会计革新论文网的一次转折,标志着我国的会计系统工作开始走向国际化,具有继往开来的重大作用。
我国会计准则系统建设的完成,会计政策选择将新会计准则的手段与工具,会计政策的选择贯穿于企业以会计确认、计量、报告的整个会计,如何正确地选择会计政策,在其选择中坚持哪些准则,这将会使社会各界广泛的热点问题。会记进展的历史实质会计政策选择的历史。会计政策选择所产生的会计信息,联系硕士论文到社会经济利益的分配和影响社会资源配置的效率与效果,会计政策选择是会计发挥其功能的形式,科学地会计政策选择具有重大的现实作用。
分为五,是会计政策选择的概述,会计政策和会计政策选择的定义、作用、对会计政策选择的影响因素的概述;是浅析新会计准则对企业会计政策选择的影响,是我国会计政策选择中论文范文的问题及理由,对其问题的浅析,揭示理由;是会计政策选择的规范措施,是对前面提到的问题的思索,一些倡议。

二、会计政策选择的概述

(一)会计政策的定义

1.国外对会计政策定义

会计政策,是指企业在会计核算时所遵循的原则,企业所采纳的具感受计及处理策略。,对会计政策有不同的理解。
《国际会计准则第8号——当期净损益、重大差错和会计政策变更》对会计政策的定义是:企业编报财务报表时所的特定原则、、惯例、规则和做法。
美国《会计原则委员会意见书第22号——会计政策的披露》对会计政策的定义是:企业管理部门一般公认会计原则,为公允地企业财务情况、财务情况变动经营成果,在编制财务报表中所的特定会计原则为遵循这些原则而的策略。
英国会计准则将会计政策定义为:企业所选定并且一贯的、适合于企业实际情况、最能公允地企业财务情况和经营成果的会计。,会计是指,在编制财务报表时,是为了确定收入和费用所归属的会计期间、确定资产负债表项目的金额,为运用适合于有关交易和项目的重大而的策略。
日本会计准则对会计政策的定义是:为公允地企业财务情况、经营成果,在编制利润表和资产负债表时所的会计原则、惯例和列报策略。

2.我国对会计政策的定义

我国将会计政策定义为:企业在会计核算时所应遵循的原则企业所采纳的具感受计处理策略。,原则,是指企业新会计准则规定的原则所的、适合于本企业的会计制度中所的会计原则;具感受计处理策略,是指企业在会计核算中对于诸多可选择的会计处理策略中所选择的、适合于本企业的会计处理策略。,谨慎原则是新会计准则所规定的会计核算的一般原则,企业在运用这一原则时,如对短期投资成本与市价孰低法的情况下,是按投资计提短期投资跌价准备,还是按投资类别或单项投资计提,属的会计处理策略,可由企业自身情况选择。,也了会计政策的不同层次。比如,对资产是以市价计价还是以历史成本计价就属于计价的原则,而在以市价计价的情况下,重置成本、可变现净值等就属于具感受计处理策略。再如,以发出商品,开出账单收入确认的标准,还是以交易已经完成、经济利益流入企业、收入和成本可靠计量收入确认的标准,就属于收入确认的原则,而完工百分比法、完成合同法等则属于具感受计处理策略。

(二)会计政策的作用

(三)会计政策选择的定义

(四)会计政策选择的动机

1.规避市场管制

若市场成立,市场不会被蒙蔽,可惜的是这一并不像所期望的那样,所以监管是必少的。证券市场起步较晚,的游戏规则并不成熟,资本市场仍是受政府管制的市场。企业的上市交易、配股、增发、停牌、退市和收购都受到会计指标的限制。比如,企业连续两年亏损就要被ST等。企业为了保住珍贵的壳资源,为了继续在资本市场筹资,不惜代价盈余管理,而盈余管理的途径巧妙地选择会计政策。

2.履行债务契约或新的借贷的

3.纳税的考虑

4.基于政治成本的考虑

(五)影响会计政策选择的因素

1.负债因素

2.报酬因素

(六)会计政策选择的

1.契约与会计政策选择

契约委托、不完全契约交易成本三个分支,这三个分支解释公司治理的工具,它们之间不论文范文取代的联系硕士论文,补充的联系硕士论文。
委托是建立在非对称信息博弈论的上的。非对称信息(asymmetric information)指的是某些参与人拥有但另一些参与人不拥有的信息。其:委托联系硕士论文是生产力大进展和规模化大生产的出现而产生的。其理由一是生产力进展使得分工进细化,权利的者知识、能力和精力的理由行使的权利了;另一专业化分工产生了一大批具有专业知识的人,有精力、有能力行使好被委托的权利。但在委托的联系硕士论文当中,委托人与人的效用函数不一样,委托人追求的是的财富更大,而人追求的工资津贴收入、奢侈消费和闲暇时间最大化,这导致的利益冲突。在的制度安排下人的很可能损害委托人的利益。而世界——不管是经济领域还是社会领域——都论文范文委托联系硕士论文。

2.经济后果论与会计政策选择

(1)经济后果论的概述
(2)会计政策选择的微观经济后果
一般,会计政策选择的微观经济后果为三个:①对信息使用者的影响;②对“搭便车”者的影响;③对企业自身的影响。在不完全市场中,会计实际上是替代市场对企业真实收益计量的机制,任何会计策略能企业的“真实收益”。此时,会计信息的作用是向信息使用者传递某种有助于判断和估计经济收益的“信号”,说,会计信息是企业经济收益的替代变量。,经济收益替代变量的会计信息,会对使用者的信念或使用者对未来股票的可能的概率分布的估计产生影响,以而影响使用者的决策。对于信息使用者而言,不同会计政策选择会生成不同会计信息,以而影响到其决策。对于管理者而言,会计信息是使用者决策的,管理当局为了使企业良好的市场,以而选择能使企业财务报告更“漂亮”的会计政策和经济。
(3)会计政策选择的宏观经济影响

3.利益者与会计政策选择

(1)企业利益者的
(2)利益者对会计政策选择的影响

三、新会计准则对企业会计政策选择的影响

(一)会计准则与会计政策选择的联系硕士论文

1.会计准则对会计政策选择的影响

(1)会计准则的利益导向影响
会计准则的利益导向是指会计准则维护哪一个集团的利益。,投资者主导型会计准则维护投资者的利益,纳税主导型会计准则维护政府的利益等。会计准则的利益导向影响会计政策选择的客观立场。在以保护投资者利益为重心的准则系统下,企业想会计政策选择做出于其他团体的利益安排是比较困难的,并且受到来自监管部门的压力阻挠。

四、我国会计政策选择中论文范文的问题及理由

(一)我国会计政策选择中论文范文的问题

1.企业会计政策选择操纵利润、粉饰报表的手段

五、会计政策选择的规范措施

(一)完善或修改《公司法》、《证券法》等有关法规






文献
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致 谢
以论文开始撰写到现在,我的论文也接近尾声。在此,我要衷心地感谢我的指导老师——王蕾老师,以选题到撰写整个中正是有王老师的悉心指导,我才比较顺利地完成论文。王老师认真审阅论文稿,为我开拓思路,纠正错误,热忱;王老师严谨务实、悉心指导、宽以待人、和蔼可亲,正是王老师的精神使我知难而进,踏实、认真地修正论文缺点与,以此来回报老师。
在此,我还要感谢大学理对我的老师,你们的细心指导,谆谆教导,着我勇往直前。在此,我要向诸位老师由衷的说声:老师,谢谢您。
同样感谢我的同学们,谢谢你们,正是你们,让我四年的大学生活充满了欢笑和快乐;感谢同寝室的室友们,谢谢你们在生活、学习上对我的关心和。
在即将结束论文工作的时刻,我很平静的对这所学校说一声:谢谢您,我的大学,你让我的人生里又多了些许欢乐,多了一份安宁。在这里,我再次由衷的感谢身边的同学、老师,谢谢!

致谢人:某某某
201某年某月某日






On the Enterprise Accounting Policy Choice
The accounting policy choice is the enterprise in theaccounting standards and other relevant laws and regulations, within the rangeof options for providing an alternative accounting principles, methods, andprocedures for qualitative and quantitative comparative analysis, whichselected the accounting policy-making process. In this paper, from the relevantpoint of view of the theory of the objective necessity of accounting policychoice, influencing factors and selection of space control problems foranalysis.
Firstly, from the accounting standards, the nature ofthe corporate accounting policy choice to see the objective necessity
With regard to the nature of accounting standards, atpresent there are three main representative points of view. Different points ofview from different sides reflect the accounting standards to the enterprise ofaccounting policy choices need to lee some space.
1. Accounting standards is a kind of technological means.In this view, accounting standards, the standards for testing practices andfuture practices improved pointer, it must be orderly, systematic, internallyconsistent, but also with the objective reality can be observed is consistent,free from individuals about unbiased. Accounting standards, be regarded as apurely technical one, the purpose of its existence is to make the accountingpractice dealing with a scientific, rational and internally consistent.
As the corporate accounting practice diversity andcomplexity of accounting standards to achieve their scientific, rational,internal unity of purpose is not easy. In order to enable enterprises tocapitalize on their disclosure of accounting information in which the specificoperating environment and operating conditions of departure, the mostappropriately reflect the financial position of enterprises. Operating resultsand cash flows and accounting standards, it is necessary to lee someflexibility in space, which allows enterprises to the economic business mattersin a different accounting treatment when the specific principles, a variety ofaccounting methods to choose between.
2. Accounting standard-setting process itself is apolitical process. In order to achieve their interest, Economic Man often usingpolitical means. Accounting standard-setting that in the process of politicalbehior, to a considerable extent the economic consequences of accountingstandards has a direct extension of. Accounting standards will be targeted atthe economic benefits of coordination can be seen, the pursuit of equity is itsreal target. In the accounting standard-setting process, but more emphasis onthe macro effect of the guidelines, the Government and other authorities oftenintervene in the development
Following guidelines compel the adoption of guidelinesand implementation through the authority.
Accounting standards, their own development,implementation has a cost, the level of the cost of such a system has becomethe government chooses to develop and implement a system basis. As businessesof all stakeholders and enterprises he their own between the interests of thegovernment in order to balance the interests of all stakeholders and to thecriteria can be succesully accepted, it would make the development ofguidelines and implementation of cost reduction, and the relaxation ofguidelines on the accounting treatment of certain qualified to provide somealternative accounting treatment.
Secondly, from the Contract Theory of AccountingPolicy Choice Factors
Contract theory is that the business is a combinationof a series of contracts. Business stakeholders in order to safeguard their owninterests, to reduce friction and proxy risk and agency costs, I hope to enterinto contracts by way of specific provisions in a variety of possiblecircumstances of each stakeholder rights and responsibilities. Therefore,shareholders, creditors, suppliers, customers, employees and management he authorityto impose a certain contract. Under normal circumstances, the contract isentered into and monitoring is to establish acceptable to all parties in thelease accounting based on the data. As businesses use different accountingpolicies, the resulting accounting data are also different. Thus, withdifferent stakeholders of the contract is entered into the accounting policychoices enterprises should be taken into account.
1. Bonus plan. "Bonus plan" is a contractbetween management and board of directors, a part of it, including directbonuses and stock awards. And most of the bonus plan is based on accountingearnings data above. According to the conclusions of Positive AccountingResearch, dividend plan on the impact of corporate accounting policy choicesare as follows: if other conditions remain unchanged, managers are more likelyto report earnings from future periods to advance to confirm this issue; If anenterprise at a loss, management, officers will attempt to advance the futureof all the possible losses to the current write-off in order to improveenterprise possible future income and thereby improve the management ofremuneration that can be achieved in the future; If the manager's bonus programincludes stock options, they are more willing to choose accounting methods toooth earnings in order to maintain steady growth in the value of its shares.
2. Debt covenants. Any one company, in its course ofbusiness, is more or less on debt. While creditors he the legal right toclaim, but the debtor goes bankrupt, the end he also followed the damage. Inorder to "preventive measures", the creditors are often leveragedlease signing. The debt the company will propose a number of restrictiveprovisions, including the prevention of settlement of the payment of dividendsto maintain a minimum amount of working capital limits may increase thebusiness risk of the merger activities, restrictions on enterprises to increasethe debt, etc., which are restrictive clauses are generally with accountingdata-based schemes. In the business activities, it also based on accounting dataduring the inspection of debt contracts,
Debt contracts of enterprises The major impact ofaccounting policy choices reflected in: assuming other conditions remainunchanged, the enterprise's debt-equity ratio higher, enterprise managers willbe more likely to choose to report earnings from future periods to move currentaccounting procedures , such as the treatment of interest expense, research anddevelopment costs of handling, folding; the purpose of accrual accountingprocedures, etc. can help companies achieve the purpose of regulating theproceeds. If under certain accounting methods will take place under the breachof contract, people will expect management will change in accounting policy inorder to prevent such violations from occurring. more with a particularcompany, based on accounting data of restrictive contractual terms are closelyconnected, corporate managers will be more likely to use can increase thecurrent revenue procedures.








浅论企业会计政策选择
会计政策选择是企业在会计准则等有关法规的选择范围内,对可供选用的会计原则、策略、程序定性、定量的比较浅析,以而选定会计政策的。以的角度对会计政策选择的客观性、影响因素和选择空间的制约等问题浅析。

一、以会计准则的性质看企业会计政策选择的客观性

关于会计准则的性质。有三种具代表性的。不同的以不同的侧面出会计准则给企业会计政策选择留有空间的必要性。
1.会计准则是技术手段。,会计准则是检验实务的标准和未来实务改良的指针,它是有序、系统、内在一致,还应能与可观察的客观现实相吻合,不受个人所左右、无偏见。会计准则被纯粹的技术,其论文范文的目的使会计实务处理达到科学、、内在一致。
企业会计实务的多样性与复杂性,会计准则要达到其科学、、内在一致的并易。为了使企业会计信息的披露以其所处的特定经营环境和经营情况出发,最恰当地企业的财务情况。经营成果和流量的情况,会计准则就有必要留有的弹性空间,即允许企业在对经济业务事项会计处理时在不同的原则、多样的会计处理策略之间选择。
2.会计准则本身政治化的程序。经济人为了自身利益,会政治手段。会计准则政治,上是会计准则具有的经济后果的延伸。将会计准则定经济利益的协调上,,追求公平是它的。而在会计准则中,却更多地强调了准则的宏观效应,政府他权力机构干预准则的,权力强制准则的与执行。
会计准则本身的、执行有成本的,制度成本的高低就政府选择和执行制度的。企业的各利益方与企业彼此之间都有各自的利益,政府为了平衡各方的利益并使准则能被顺利接受,就会使准则的和执行成本降低,且放宽准则中对某些会计处理的限定,以一些可供选择的会计处理策略。

二、以契约看企业会计政策选择的影响因素

契约,企业是一系列契约的。企业的各利益方为了维护各自的利益,减少磨擦和风险与成本,就希望以订立契约的方式来规定在可能的情况下的每个利益的权利和责任。,股东、债权人、供应商、顾客、雇员都与管理当局订有某种契约。而在一般情况下,契约的订立和监督是建立在契约各方所接受的会计数据的之上的。企业选用的会计政策不同,产生的会计数据也不同。,与不同利益方订立的契约是企业会计政策选择时应考虑的因素。
1.分红计划。“分红计划”是管理当局和董事会之间契约的一个,它奖金和股票奖励。而大的分红计划是建立在会计收益数据之上的。实证会计 探讨的,分红计划对企业会计政策选择的影响如下:①其他条件保持不变,管理人员更有可能把报告收益由未来期间提前至本期确认;②若企业发生亏损,管理人员更会试图把未来可能的亏损提前至本期注销,以提高企业未来可能的收益,以而提高管理人员在未来所能的报酬;③管理人员的分红计划了认股权,更愿意选择能平滑收益的会计策略,以保持其股票价值的稳定增加论文格式范文。
2.债务契约。任何一个公司,在其经营中,都或多或少地举债。债权人具有法定求偿权,但债务人一旦破产,他也要跟着受损。为了“防患于未然”,债权人在签订举债契约时,对债务公司会一些限制性的条款,防止清算性股利的支付、保持最低额度的营运资本、限制可能增加企业风险的兼并活动、限制企业增加债务等等,而这些限制性条款一般以会计数据为订立的。在经营活动中,对债务契约的检查,也要会计数据。
债务契约对企业会计政策选择的影响为:①假定其他条件保持不变,企业的负债权益率越高,企业的经理人员便越有可能选择将报告收益以未来期间移至当期的会计程序、如利息费用的处理、 探讨和开发费用的处理、折旧;目的计提等会计程序都可企业达到调节收益的目的。②在某种会计策略下将发生违约,将预期管理当局会变更会计政策,以避免违约的发生。③企业越是与特定的、基于会计数据的限制性契约条款联系紧密,企业经理人员便越有可能可增加当期收益的程序。